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When you eat may dictate how hungry you are, study says
三餐晚吃4小時更易誘發肥胖
We all know that eating later in the day isn’t good for our waistlines, but why? A new study weighed in on that question by comparing people who ate the same foods – but at different times in the day.
眾所周知，吃飯晚更容易長胖，但這是為什么呢？一項新研究對此給出了科學依據。該研究比較了在一天內不同時段進食相同食物的人。
“Does the time that we eat matter when everything else is kept consistent?” said first author Nina Vujovi?, a researcher in the division of sleep and circadian disorders at Boston’s Brigham and Women’s Hospital.
該研究論文第一作者、波士頓布里格姆婦女醫院睡眠和生物節律紊亂科研究員妮娜·武喬維奇提出：“當其他因素都相同時，吃飯的時間有影響嗎？”
The answer was yes – eating later in the day will double your odds of being hungrier, according to the study published in the journal Cell Metabolism.
答案是：是的。這篇發表在《細胞代謝》雜志上的研究論文顯示，吃飯晚會使感到更饑餓的可能性翻倍。
“We found that eating four hours later makes a significant difference for our hunger levels, the way we burn calories after we eat, and the way we store fat,” Vujovi? said. “Together, these changes may explain why late eating is associated with increased obesity risk reported by other studies and provide new biological insight into the underlying mechanisms.”
武喬維奇說：“我們發現，晚4個小時進食對饑餓程度、進食后燃燒卡路里的方式以及儲存脂肪的方式都有顯著影響?？傊?，這些變化可能解釋其他研究發現的吃飯晚與肥胖風險增加的關聯，并為其中的潛在機制提供了新的生物學見解?！?/p>
The study provides support for the concept that circadian rhythm, which influences key physiologic functions such as body temperature and heart rate, affects how our bodies absorb fuel, researchers said.
研究人員稱，這項研究為以下觀點提供支持：生物節律影響體溫心率等關鍵生理功能，影響身體吸收能量的方式。
The study does show eating later results in “an increase in hunger, impacts hormones and also changes gene expression, especially in terms of fat metabolism with a tendency towards less fat breakdown and more fat deposition,” said Dr. Bhanu Prakash Kolla, a professor of psychiatry and psychology at the Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and a consultant to Mayo’s Center for Sleep Medicine and Division of Addiction Medicine.
巴努·普拉卡什·科拉博士稱，該研究確實表明，吃得晚會導致“饑餓感增加，影響激素水平，也會改變基因表達，特別是在脂肪代謝方面，會導致脂肪分解減少，脂肪沉積增多?！笨评敲穵W臨床醫學院精神病學和心理學教授、梅奧睡眠醫學中心和成癮醫學部顧問。
The study was small – only 16 overweight or obese people – but carefully planned to eliminate other potential causes of weight gain, the authors said.
研究人員稱，這項研究規模較小，參與者只有16名超重或肥胖人士，但精細設計消除了導致體重增加的其他潛在原因。
“While there have been other studies investigating why late eating associates with an increased risk for obesity, this may be the most well controlled, including strictly controlling the amount, composition and timing of meals, physical activity, sleep, room temperature and light exposure,” said senior author Frank Scheer, director of the Medical Chronobiology Program in the Brigham’s Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders.
布里格姆婦女醫院睡眠和生物節律紊亂科醫學生物鐘項目主任、研究主要作者弗蘭克·謝爾說：“雖然有研究探索了吃飯晚與肥胖風險增加的關系，但我們的研究可能是變量控制最嚴格的。包括嚴格控制進食量、餐食構成和用餐時間、體力活動、睡眠、室溫和光照?！?/p>
All participants were in good health, with no history of diabetes or shift work, which can affect circadian rhythm, and had regular physical activity. Each person in the study kept to a strict healthy sleep/wake schedule for about three weeks and were provided with prepared meals at fixed times for three days before the lab experiment began.
所有參與者健康狀況良好，沒有糖尿病史或值班工作史（這些因素可能會影響生物節律），并且會進行規律的體育鍛煉。所有實驗參與者都有嚴格的健康作息時間表，持續約三周，并在實驗室實驗開始前的三天內，在固定的時間吃準備好的餐食。
Participants were then randomized into two groups. One group ate calorie-controlled meals at 8 am, noon and 4 pm, while the other ate the same meals four hours later, at noon, 4 pm and 8 pm for the six days reported in the study. Measures of hunger and appetite were gathered 18 times each while tests for body fat, temperature and energy expenditures were gathered on three separate days.
參與者隨后被隨機分為兩組。在六天中，一組在上午8點、中午12點和下午4點吃控制熱量的飯菜，另一組晚四小時進餐，分別在中午12點、下午4點和晚上8點吃同樣的飯菜。研究人員分別收集了18次兩組參與者的饑餓感和食欲的測量值，并在不同的三天里檢測他們的體脂、溫度和能量消耗。
After a break of a few weeks, the same participants reversed the procedure – those who had eaten earlier moved to the late eating group and vice versa, thus using each person as their own control.
休息幾周后，上述參與者重復相反的程序，那些吃飯較早的人改為較晚進食，反之亦然，將每個人作為自己的對照。
Results showed that hunger pangs doubled for those on a night-eating regime. People who ate later in the day also reported a desire for starchy and salty foods, meat and, to a lesser extent, a desire for dairy foods and vegetables.
結果表明，晚進食的人饑餓感增加了一倍。晚進食的人稱，他們渴望吃含淀粉和咸味的食物、肉，相比之下，沒那么想吃乳制品和蔬菜。
By looking at the results of blood tests, researchers were able to see why: Levels of leptin, a hormone which tells us when we feel full, were decreased for late eaters versus early eaters. In comparison, levels of the hormone ghrelin, which spikes our appetite, rose.
通過查看血檢結果，研究人員發現了原因：與早進食者相比，晚進食者的瘦素水平降低，這是一種控制飽腹感的激素。相比之下，刺激食欲的激素胃促生長素水平升高。
“What is new is that our results show that late eating causes an increase in the ratio of ghrelin and leptin averaged across the full 24-hour sleep/wake cycle,” Scheer said. In fact, the study found that the ratio of ghrelin to leptin rose by 34% when meals were eaten later in the day.
謝爾說：“我們研究中的新發現是，晚進食會導致整個生物節律中的胃促生長素和瘦素比升高?！毖芯堪l現，晚進餐時胃促生長素和瘦素比升高了34%。
“These changes in appetite-regulating hormones fits well with the increase in hunger and appetite with late eating,” Scheer said.
謝爾說：“這些食欲調節激素的變化與晚進食導致的饑餓感和食欲的增強非常吻合?！?/p>
When participants ate later in the day they also burned calories at a slower rate than when they ate at earlier times. Tests of their body fat found changes in genes that would impact how fat is burned or stored, the study found.
當參與者吃飯較晚時，他們消耗的卡路里也比早吃飯時慢。研究發現，通過檢測參與者身體脂肪發現，基因的變化會影響脂肪的燃燒或儲存方式。
“These changes in gene expression would support the growth of fat tissue by formation of more fat cells, as well as by increased fat storage,” Scheer said.
謝爾說：“基因表達發生變化，將通過形成更多的脂肪細胞以及增加脂肪儲存來支持脂肪組織的生長?！?/p>
來源：CNN，梅斯醫學
編輯：董靜
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